Death of a Salesman Essay AP English III

Death of a Salesman Essay Wily Loan is a symbolic icon of the failing America. He is representing a typical chaser of the American dream in the sass's. He experiences a tragedy in his life where he was trying to find his place in his own life with his sons leaving, growing old, and an escalating sense of stubbornness. Wily was Just one of many Americans that experienced a great tragedy during this time which was a reason that led up to the great depression in 1929. This makes a symbolic icon of the failing America during this time.Wily Loan had a life most people admired while his sons were still in high school. He had a Job and was very happy at that time. His son Biff was the high school quarterback and was very good at his position. This made Wily extremely proud and hoped he would see his son go off to play football at the college level. He was very content with his life at this point and this symbolizes the booming American economy before the Great Depression. Wily soon got too caught up in the idea of the American Dream, to be hard working and honest among other things.He soon began to get greedy in the idea of the American Dream along with other things that went wrong. His pride soon escalated and prevailed in the worst way. Biff reveals to Wily that he has failed his senior math class and will not have enough credits to graduate high school. This incident highlights and really reveals Willis stubbornness for he Just thinks Biff could just go to summer school and get the credits he needed to graduate. It was not that simple as Wily soon learned. Biff then tells his father he is going to go to an interview or an important high paying Job and Wily is very excited for him to get the Job.Biff ends up not going to the interview because he felt he was not able to get the Job. As he tries to tell his father what happened, Willis stubbornness again shows as he would not even let Biff explain what had happened. Wily keeps talking and interrupting his son saying t hings as if he got the Job. This causes very high tension between the two and leads to a huge argument at the end of the play that indirectly leads to Wily killing himself. Another incident that escalates to the tragedy that occurs in the play is when Biff catches Wily cheating on his wife.Biff is heartbroken, in shock, and angry all at once and leaves the scene leaving Wily questioning what has become of him and started to realize his life was not what it used to be, but his stubbornness still prevailed. At the end of the play the whole family meets together at their house. A significant argument breaks out mostly between Biff and Wily about how stubborn and blind he really is. Wily ends up telling Biff to get out of his house and Biff says he never wants to come back. The argument was the deciding factor hat led up to Wily getting in his car and killing himself.In the end, Willis stubbornness and pride led to things such as the arguments between him and Biff, him getting fired and refusing to take another Job out of pride, and lack of realization that he was slowly setting the stage for his own demise. Wily was Just another lower middle class American stuck in the idea of the American Dream. Along with many other Americans during the time, he symbolized the failing America of the Great Depression of the sass's and even the digressing American economy of today.

What does china has an ageing population?

China, the second larges country in the world, is facing a serious problem — ageing population. Before 1979, when Mao was the chairman of China, he persuaded women to have lots of babies in order to finish his plan – the Great Leap Forward. This is the start of the ageing population in China. In January 1958, Mao launched the second five year plan known as the Great Leap Forward. 1Mao wanted China to become a world power. He wanted to catch up with the west by ending Chinese dependence upon agriculture. His aim was to catch up with UK in the industry products in ten years time and with America in 15 years time. In order to do this, he will need lots of peasants but many of them die during this progress. This is why Mao encouraged women to have lots of children. In the DTM, the birth rate at stage 2 and 3 are both very high and this is due to requirement of Mao. China's population base increased â€Å"only† by another 100,000,000 on top of its 432,000,000 base.2 The magnitude of China total population increase so much that even the People's Republic of China found it hard to support. This is when One Child Policy (ICP) came in to control the over growing population. ICP is the birth control policy of the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC)3. When Deng Xiao Ping took over the power at 1978, he realized the overpopulation is a roadblock to economic development and also the death rate will increase due to the lack of food and water, then he came out with the ICP idea. In general, this policy is very successful because the birth rate has been reduced gradually starting at the middle of stage 3 in the DTM. The 1982 fertility survey shows the total fertility rate falling from around 6.0in the mid-1950s to well below 4.0in 19614. However, ICP leads to some other problem such as the ageing population. Since the ICP is introduced, the population has successfully decreased. However, the infant mortality increases at the same time. This is because as a Chinese tradition, the boys carry the family name but now, the families are only allow to have one child therefore the chance of having a boy is less then before. Because of this, some families may choose to kill the baby if it's a girl in order to carry the family name. This is not the only effect of ICP, since most families choose to have a boy rather than a girl, there will be more males than female in the future. The difference will also increase as the time pass by. As years go by, the medical care develops a lot in China therefore the life expectancy increase at the same time. Since the birth rate was so high is 1960s but then decrease so much when ICP is introduced, there are depend people then independent people. This slows down the economic development of China. When there are more dependent then the government will need to pay more than it earns. Since the dependent people can not earn their own living, the government will have to give them money and because the numbers of dependent people are so many, the money that was given to the dependents is more than the money China earns. The birth rate keeps dropping in China is due to one other main reason – as most of the people are now educated, they understand that if you want to raise up your children as best as you can, one child is more than enough. Also, the cost of having two children is normally too expensive for lower or middle classes. The time that is taken to look after them is too much if both parents are working. These are the main reasons why most of the parents choose not to have more than one child. In conclusion, China has an ageing population a problem is because the birth rate was really high when Mao was the chairman but then it decreases so much that ICP was introduced. The differences between that get worse and develop as the ageing population. Because of this problem, the economic developments is held back since the input and output is not balance due to part of the income is given to those dependent people. The death rate will increase dramatically when the dependent people die. This will affects reputation of China too.

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Final project - Essay Example The document body is written in Times New Romans and font size 12. Also paragraphs are written  ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ from the margin. Canada Health Info way. Pan-Canadian Drug Messaging Standard (CeRx and MR2009). Available via: https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/index.php/programs-services/standards-collaborative/pan-canadian-standards/drug-standard Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario. Health-Care Requirements for Strong Encryption, July 16, 2010. Available at http://www.ipc.on.ca/English/Resources/Educational-Material/Educational-Material-Summary/?id=969 Practice management system (PMS) is a member of the wider family of medical practice management software packages which are developed to aid in the management operations in the health sector. This software is capable of keeping records of patients treated in the hospital, monitoring the transactions made in the procurement department, monitoring the monetary activities of the financial department and management of the public relation activities. Practice management System (PMS) is integrated with an electronic record management system and an electronic database to organize the data and this completes the loop of customer care within the health care system. The practice management system (PMS) is composed of three main subcomponents which are a central database, central server and departmental interfaces. The central database holds all the records from all departments. This database is linked to the various departments via the central server. The server stores all the files of the software and links the database to each department. This software requirement document for Practice management system (PMS) will be submitted alongside a user guide manual, Installation guide, and user license and warranty documentation. Online user help links will also be availed with this report. The financial interface, procurement interfaces,

Market Development and the Importance of Economic Development to Essay

Market Development and the Importance of Economic Development to Marketers - Essay Example An Outline of the Stages of Market Development Which a Country Passes In The Process Of Developing Its Market of a Product or Service An outline of the stages of market development that each developing country passes through include; an invention of an apt idea, selecting of the appropriate ideas to apply, building up a preferred idea and verifying its viability, evaluation of the business, Beta testing and market testing, scientific execution, commercialization and new product value (Levitt, 2006, 25). An Explanation of the Stages of the Market Development Which a Country Can Go Through Invention of Suitable Idea Invention of suitable is the first stage in setting up or developing new markets. Organizations have adopted for stage process when operating in the small market. This is made possible because undivided attention is a lad on the customer’s need. A developing country has to monitor the types of ideas it initiates into its daily operation through monitoring and studyin g of consumer needs. Good inventions of ideas lead to quick achievements of the objectives of a firm or an organization. Suitable ideas will determine the marketing policies applied by nations in building new markets (Levitt, 2006, 59). Selection of the Appropriate Ideas to Apply This is the step in which potential ideas are separated from bad ideas. Not all initiatives are inimical; as a result, screening of ideas is done to lead to a positive growth of the organization. A developing nation has its processes passed through appropriate screening and promising ideas put in place for the country to grow positively. The ideas selected should follow the principle of AIDA (Awareness, Interest, Desire and Actions). The principle helps an entity to discern what it requires from a targeted market (Levitt, 2006, 71). Building and Verifying the Viability of a Preferred Idea This is the stage where the best results are taken for implementation into other products that can compete globally to t he other markets, and the proposed are tested. Developing nations passes through this stage since all the process and procedures that they apply in their operation are verified for viability. Evaluation of the Business Evaluation of the business involves a thorough evaluation of the souk like the market size in a particular environment. Evaluation of advertising strategy is a core aspect in the expansion of stable market for a country. Most countries have espoused business evaluation in their system to lessen the process they take in market expansion. Evaluation of the business helps the author clarify some useful notions that may be a hindrance in developing a new market. Beta testing and souk testing This refers to the development of model around a product to make it unique from other products. The profits ad losses accrued are used to resolve the feasibility of the merchandise. Beta testing and market testing are both processes that a country might pass through in an attempt to e xpand its market. Scientific Execution This involves implementation of new resources to improve the operations of resources within an organization. Countries wishing to expand their existing market are bound to bring in new equipments and knowledge required to lead to the growth of the market. Commercialization Commercialization involves the advertising of new products in the market. The product in most instances is unique to the market. Comme

Labor Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor Market - Research Paper Example This entry by Wal-Mart also causes a drop in retail income in the areas of operation (Weinswig & Tang, 2010). The entry of Wal-Mart into these new areas also means a drop in prices; hence, increasing the purchasing power of the customer because prices are reduced not only at Wal-Mart, but also in other stores. Therefore, the customer benefits the most. Low income families tend to benefit the most despite the fact that labor market cost may be also unfavorable. This paper will discuss the labor market from which Wal-Mart Stores obtain candidates for vacant positions in the company. It will also examine the levels of education required to prepare new workers obtained from this pool of positions in the company. The training needed for these new workers will also be looked at. When Wal-Mart opens any new store, it employs hundreds of workers. More frequently than not, the amount of people applying for jobs is usually over 20 times higher than the number of positions to be filled. I reali zed that the entry of Wal-Mart in most of these areas is not well received by the local people. Many have attempted to block Wal-Mart’s entry into their communities with a multitude of excuses. The main reason is that they cause low wages in the retail market something the management has refuted (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). They contend that, in most of the areas where Wal-Mart operates, they have created several job opportunities for other business apart from their own. What these people forget is that if one is considering the retail section of each region, employees cannot move from one region to another and customers can only shop in their own region. This is enough justification for the entry of Wal-Mart into the local market in the retail division (Neumark, Zhang & Ciccarella, 2005). The labor demand in a certain retail sector is a derived demand, and; therefore, affected by a variety of factors in the market for retail services. With this in mind, Wal-Mart affects labor demand in the retail sector by sufficiently supplying retail services and adopting technology, which will change labor intensity in the retail sector. Training at Wal-Mart is an ongoing thing and it is an essential part of the company. Each employee starts with an in-depth personal orientation (Weinswig & Tang, 2010). They are initiated to the history and traditions of the company while highlighting the roles and responsibilities the employee will be taking on upon joining the company. After orientation is over, each department has its own specific and detailed training and development program that gives to the employee the knowledge skills and tools needed to succeed in the company. Each employee has to chart out their own career path and endeavor to accomplish their most ambitious goals. Wal-Mart also offers several training prospects to assist managers develop their leadership skills and progress through the company to ensure their teams are motivated and passionate in fulfillin g the company’s mission running. They offer a management training program referred to as Assistant Management Training (AMT), which is open to all employees of the firm based in the United States. A person needs to apply in order to be chosen so as to benefit from this course. Also, there is the Walton Institute, which provides an educational environment for Wal-Mart leaders from all over the world to stretch themselves and explore the

Organisations, organising appealing and organisation effectiveness Essay

Organisations, organising appealing and organisation effectiveness - Essay Example Over the time, the study of how effective the organization is in achieving the goals that it intended has undergone an evolution due to the changes in the environment that took place as well as the fast pace at which these changes occurred. There has been a shift towards the adoption of more rational approaches to organizations. This paper reviews the reasons why managers prefer rational approaches. It also explores the open systems theory and how is it of benefit to managers. Scott proposed three concepts for defining organizations: rational, natural and open systems. Rational systems concept deals with the fact that organizations are created to function as effectively as possible to achieve a set of intended objectives. The goals of the organization are specific and have been defined explicitly. The rational system also encompasses the view that organizations have a lot of formalization. One of the variables governing a formalized structure is that rules regulate behavior and are accurately and clearly drawn. Another variable of the formalized structure is that roles and role relations are devised independently of the personal qualities and interaction between the individuals having different positions within the organization (Scott, 2001). Frederick Taylor was an engineer-turned-management consultant and was a strong advocate of the rational system theory. In his view, all organizations did not function with the accomplishment of a certain goal in mind ; however, this was a problem and needed to be dealt with. Managers nowadays prefer the rational systems approach for organizing. By regulating the behavior of the individuals through rules, the process of formalization can be carried out effectively. This will result in the mitigation of uncertainty. Uncertainty can lead to disorder, apprehension and disturbances in many

Economics Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Question - Essay Example A market system lets the market decide what is produced. A lot of different price points—effectively the invisible hand—decide where resources go and what prices should be. Production is decided by supply and demand. In a socialist economy the government or a committee decides they would like more butter or more shoes produced in the current year and choose a quantity for production that they believe will be sufficient (it rarely is—or it is far too much). Describe the theoretical mechanism in which consumers are sovereign, who consumers really decide what goods they want and how they demonstrate those decisions and desires. Is there a contradiction between the statement that businesses decide what is produced and the idea that consumers have sovereignty? Consumers are sovereign in so far as in a market economy their demand decides what products are produced. Businesses decide what to produce based on their reading of consumer demand. Businesses fail when they have not properly estimated the demand for their product. Consumers are sovereign. National defence – this is too important to outsource to the market; Some health care such as Medicare and Medicade. Maintaining national parks. Taking taxes. The Federal reserve system that centrally plans monetary policy. Stimulus spending in times of

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Personal Statement - Essay Example My interest in law stems from the fact the law seems to be a living, breathing, and ever evolving part of human life and our ever changing society. Laws of the past often get amended and rewritten in order to fit better into the needs of the new generation. Such examples can be seen in the way that our laws have changed pertaining to immigration, capital punishment, and even medical law related concerns. I saw these examples come to life as I participated in the Global Youth Leader Conference in the US. Cases such as the hugely controversial MegaUpload shutdown have gotten me to thinking about how our international laws become muddled by the advent of the internet and country laws are no longer limited to simply their home country for enforcement. This is a judicial controversy that I have frowned upon for some time now as I believe it shows the lack of respect on the part of international law enforcement for the individuals who are citizens of autonomous countries. Aside from an interest in technology related judicial questions, I am also quite interested in fighting for the human rights of those who cannot speak for themselves. People such as Terri Schiavo have served as an inspiration to me in terms of the legal question of the right to die. She had lived a long, but suffering life filled with artificial methods of prolonging life while our judicial system played God and decided who had the right to order her death or if that was the proper action to take. The legal questions within the 11 court cases pertaining to the aforementioned case has always fascinated me and I have always wanted to have an opportunity to study the case on a more scrutinized basis and hopefully, help to repeal â€Å"Terris Law† as it allows the government too much power to decide in what should always remain a personal, family matter. Throughout my life, my legal mind has been influenced by the work

Is the green movement sincere or just a popular fad Essay

Is the green movement sincere or just a popular fad - Essay Example They do not have any positive impact to the movement. Consumers and environmentalist have difficulties in differentiating retailers who are sincere in environmental matters and those who are acting in pretence. There seem to be a number of people who are not genuine in the green movement. This leaves one with the question whether green has to be accompanied with pretence. However, insecurity has been sighted as the major reason of pretentiousness in the green movement. He said that people get pretentious to hide their insecurities. For example, if one doubts their own greenness, then it is obvious that others are conscious about their effort in making the environment green (Miller, 2010). Another thing that makes the green movement a fad is the fact that people are out to looking good without doing anything constructive. They instead embark on criticizing effort of other people who are working towards a green environment. They want to cover their insensitive lifestyles so that they cannot be questioned. This can be said to be an intimidating the intellectuals. Going green is a very important innovation to the environment. However, it got some elements of fad that need to be eliminated for it to be successful. The first is that people should stop labelling. Instead of going around telling people that they are environmentalist; let their actions tell of it. The second one is to be confident about the environment. Understanding the importance of a healthy environment will enable people to be confident of the environment (Miller, 2010).The third is to remove from our minds the notion that one can go green only by buying something. On the contrary, going green can be achieved in many other ways other than purchasing products. Last but not least, one should consider himself as part of the solution. This ensures that every person feels responsible and accountable for what happens to our environment. This is regardless of our gender, religion,

The sounds of excitement and anticipation Essay Example for Free

The sounds of excitement and anticipation Essay The sounds of excitement and anticipation are played out in the symphonic soundtrack to the movie E.T. To feel the emotions of a character, in any story, helps one come to know the hopes, fears, and traits of a character. The contribution of music in the movie ET helps the audience to gain trust and insight into those very bits and pieces of a characters spirit, his mind set, his stance, and his behaviors. How can a movies master soundtrack possibly give the average audience member that much knowledge of a certain characters manner? Perhaps the director, Steven Spielberg, does so by repeating the common piece of music known as the flying theme. We hear the song during moments of sadness, amazement, wonder, and happiness. For example, we hear the theme when E.T. uses his power to fly the young boys and their bicycles over the forest. We hear the song so much that it begins to generate thoughts in our heads as to what the scene will mean and what new aspect of a character will be brought out in the upcoming moments of the film. When we first meet the young character, Elliot, he is at home in his kitchen, and we hear nothing more than the sounds of his mother doing dishes and his brother playing a space game with his buddies. As an audience, all we hear is muffled sound with Elliots sharp, high pitched whines yelling out above the noise. We already know that he desperately wants to be a part of the older kids group. See more: how to cite an article Those of us who are the youngest child of our families may automatically sympathize with Elliots moans and groans. We know and feel the want and need to belong and to fit in. With nothing more than the synchronous sounds of the outdoors gates swinging, dogs barking-Elliot makes his way outside to wait for the pizza man and we are given the chance to observe Elliot alone for the first time. He is young, skinny, pale, and constantly observing the actions and sounds around him. He is blunt, full of curiosity and full of mischief. Elliot is looking to prove himself and his claims of an alien to his family. As an audience member, I cannot help but feel a sense of want for Elliot to prove his family wrong, perhaps the musical themes in the background contribute to that anticipation. He waits outside with his flashlight, and in silence, all we hear is the constant hum of crickets, which helps to build suspense as he waits. Elliot then begins to search through the cornfield, the sounds of weeds and cornhusks as he moves slowly about personifies the anxiousness and fear that Elliot is feeling. They are the sounds which one awaits to hear each October while eagerly waiting in line for a haunted house or a hayride. They are the disguised sounds of adrenaline and anxiety. We can identify with these sounds and feelings which are presented, and therefore we can identify with Elliot. We are not given the chance to see Elliots room, his element, until he introduces it to his new found friend, E.T. With nothing more than the sounds of footprints, E.T.s purring breath, and the sight of Elliots wide eyes, the audience watches as E.T. and Elliot observe each other in silence. As they come to know one another one will notice that there is not dialogue, nothing more than the light trill of a string orchestra and high-pitched violins to accompany the audiences imaginations. E.T. is becoming comfortable with Elliot as Elliot is doing the same with E.T. E.T. is full of confusion, which is accompanied by mischief and wonder. We see this as he explores Elliots room. The solo sounds of Elliots paint brushes in a paint tin clank together as E.T. explores. The exploration of Elliots room and all of his gadgets and experiments illustrates to us that he is a smart, science driven child who longs to create, invent, explore, and build. Elliot is often seen in his flannel shirt, blue jeans, and his long underwear. He is short with a sloppy hair cut, possibly somewhat of a nerd. He longs to be proven. Now that Ive explained the character of Elliot, I will go into more depth about the character of E.T. E.T. is a creature unlike any other. He is an alien with the classic features; a wide, bald head, slimy skin that leaves a clear residue, wide eyes, and he doesnt speak our language, but he learns it eventually. He rarely speaks and he constantly observes his newly remodeled environment. Spielberg helps his audience come to know the character or E.T. by commonly using point of view shots. The first example of this is used in the beginning when E.T. is hiding and watching the hunters in the woods. This helps us to come to know his fear. We also see another example of this in the Halloween scene. We see E.T.s point of view through the two eyes in the white sheet, which is disguises him as a ghost. As a character, E.T. is often seen watching for sadness and longing to help. For example, in the scene which takes place in Elliots closet, we can see the look of hurt and sympathy for Elliots younger sister, Gertie, in E.T.s eyes when Michael and Elliot threaten to hurt Gerties doll if she dares to say a word about E.T.s presence in the house. E.T. is fearful of confrontation, and most often he screams and jumps at the sight of a threatening object or that of a loud, unfamiliar noise. By the end of the film, we know that E.T.s heart is full of love as it beams a bright red glow when Elliot expresses his feelings for him, which ultimately brings E.T. back to life. That scene gives us the guarantee that E.T. thrives off of kindness and love. He is gentle and curious. The synchronous sound of E.T.s purring breath, like that of a baby kitten, expresses to the audience that he is gentle and soft hearted. It seems almost impossible that E.T. could ever cause any harm. Aspects such as these help us to know and fall in love with his character. The music is what feeds the soul and emotion of E.T. It helps the audience to overcome the silence and leads them to think during frequent scenes with no dialogue. The redundant, orchestral themes that play in and out of many scenes help to identify each characters mood and state of mind, which ultimately brings the audience to know the characters spirit. The music helps up to know when they are sad, happy, content, hurt, or amazed. It leaves us with the idea of not only what they are feeling or how they appear on the outside, but who they are on the inside and what their nature is as a character and individual.

Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture | Analysis

Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture | Analysis The role of Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture in Kashmir Introduction Vernacular architecture is the response from a community or a group of persons needs in regards to the built environment using locally available resources. It is tailored to the climatic, geographic, sociological and aesthetic needs of specific localities and emulates local traditions. As it usually a community based activity without qualified architects, the approach tends to be more unpedigreed and constantly evolving. Rural buildings in Kashmir are designed by the people living there and thus reflect the local cultural heritage as well as the strength of the community itself. In general, buildings in Kashmir have relied entirely on mud, bricks, stone and wood for a long time. In recent times, non-local materials have become more available for the communities living in Kashmir, especially more prosperous regions1. Background Information Indian-administered Kashmir includes Jammu and Kashmir sharing a border with China, in the north and east. Pakistan-administered Kashmir terrorities are Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltisan which are part of the greater Kashmir region. The Kashmir region is on the northern borders of India and Pakistan and the southwestern border of China. Gilgit-Baltisan is the northern most region of Pakistan-administered Pakistan, bordering Azad Kashmir in the south. The irregular topography accounts for the variation in temperature and is largely regulated by the Himalayas, surrounding mountainous and water occupying regions. Despite this, Kashmir has still got four distinct seasons with the highest temperatures reaching over 30 °C and the winter temperatures as low as -4 °C during the nights with snowfall. The climate is known to milder than other surrounding regions to the relatively low altitude2. The soil found in Kashmir is described as clayey, loamy rich and light with alluvial origin. Allu vial soils are known to be more vulnerable to ground failure when seismic vibrations take place. Softer soils are found in Srinagar and across the Valley of Kashmir and they can contribute to making an earthquake last longer3. The economy of the area heavily relies on agriculture with 60% of the area relying on irrigation for major crops such as rice, maize and wheat. There are dense forests that can be divided into two zones (Sub-Himalayan and Himalayan) providing an invaluable source for timber in construction4. Earthquake Risk The Himalayas itself have been created by the collision of two tectonic plates, making it one of the worlds most earthquake prone zones. The Kashmir region is a seismically active experiencing several earthquakes in the Valley of Kashmir throughout history. The boundary of the Indian tectonic plate is colliding with the stationary Eurasian plate creating areas of high stress. Studies show that the Indian tectonic plate moves at 1.8cm a year beneath the Himalayan tectonic plate. Between 1904-2015, there have been 102 earthquakes recorded at this region and there are records dating back to the 15th Century detailing severe earthquakes4. The built environment around Kashmir has changed to help minimise the impact of these earthquakes Initiatives such as the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) collaboration with India in 2006 after the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake have advocated for the preservation of vernacular buildings but also to discuss alternatives in earthquake-resistant buildings with world-renowned international experts5. Evolution of Vernacular Buildings Most of the buildings in the Kashmiri area are constructed because of the communitys adaptation to living in a disaster-prone area. Many towns and villages in Kashmir are found on soft soils or on former prehistoric lakes, therefore it is essential to have characteristic yet simple residential houses. For example, in places with soft water-laden soils, the evolution of timber-laced construction is a necessity for structural survival in the long term. These buildings tend to lean and tilt slightly with little rigidity. For a long time, the heating and cooking systems of these houses has remained intact. Wood-burning stoves were and still are made from easily sourced mud and a copper vessel embedded into the masonry wall to heat up the water. Due to very little additional expenditure, stoves made from galvanized iron sheets have become more popular. Timber-laced masonry construction systems in Kashmir date back to the 12th century, however it was only in the beginning of the 19th centu ry that these systems split into two main traditional construction styles: taq and Dhajji dewari. There has been other earthquake resistant vernacular constructions found in Kashmir after the 2005 earthquake, such as balconies resting on wooden joists, well-designed trusses and ceilings with joists that rested on the wooden built bands spread across walls. There are variations of these styles that are found in heavily mountainous areas where soft soils are not a problem.6 Therefore, the major factors that controlled vernacular architecture are access to good soil for brick-making, to water and to timber, as well as earthquake resistance. Taq (bhatar) buildings Taq buildings are a traditional form of Kashmiri construction and are known for their resistance against earthquakes. The taq system involves load-bearing masonry walls with horizontal timbers embedded in them. The unreinforced masonry is low-strength which is known as masonry laid in lime-sand or mud mortar. The masonry piers are tied together in a ladder-like format by the timber beams in each floor and window level. The symmetrical positioning of windows in a characteristic feature of taqs and is where the name originates from. These timbers resist earthquake collapse by allowing movement of the masonry and the confinement of the brick mud or rubble stone of the wall. The timbers allow an increase in ductility when absorbing the energy released from an earthquake. The full weight of the masonry can be placed on the timber allowing the structure to be held in place. These buildings have enough flexibility to sway in an event of an earthquake. However, the materials in taq are not i ndividually ductile and dont typically exhibit plastic behaviour under stress. Although, since it works as a system, the behaviour that shows this form of flexibility is because of the energy dissipation from the friction between the timbers and the masonry. This friction only occurs when the masonry has been consisted of mortar made from low-strength mud or lime. The Kashmiri house size measurements is defined by the number of window bays, for example, a 5 taq house is five window bays wide. All materials that allow flexibility are easily sourced in Kashmir yet these naturally occurring materials tend not to be strong enough to provide rigidity to the buildings. These ancient taq buildings originally possessed structural and traditional Kashmiri patterns and designs, and held a cultural significance amongst communities7. There has been an area of debate amongst engineers in introducing modern elements to taq buildings, however these have proved to be incompatible. For example, usin g steel reinforcement inside the walls however the rusting of steel when iron converts to iron oxide results in an expansion and thus, the force of this has a negative impact on corresponding materials by breaking them, e.g. the masonry. In addition to this, using steel rods and other incompatible methods such as welding, requires more skill as it is more advance2. Dhajji dewari The Dhajji dewari buildings is a mixture of timber and masonry construction that is also found in non-earthquake zones. Dhajji dewari is a Persian term meaning a patchwork quilt wall. The walls are lighter and thinner and are made of timber framing with infills of brick or sometimes stone masonry. The wall is usually one-half brick thick and then mostly made of timber and masonry. The infil is commonly brick that is made from fired or unfired clay, or rubble stone in more mountainous regions. The vertical and horizontal cage that is formed by the timber frame allows diagonal movement against sheer stress. Timber studs are used to subdivide the infill which help resist the progressive destruction of the wall and of diagonal shear cracks. The buildings are usually found in flat terrain and are detached. They are found in more rural areas since urban areas of Kashmir (e.g. Mirpur, Azad Kashmir) use modern materials such as cement and steel in present time. These materials are affordable to areas where there are less agricultural based jobs, and more industrial based employment. Dhajji buildings in urban areas can also be up to four stories high and more extravagant. In general, Dhajji buildings are mostly found in the western Himalayas in both the Pakistan and Indian-administered sectors of Kashmir. This construction type has been used for over 200 years due to the speed, cost and availability of the resources required to produce these structures. The skill required is not exhaustive for the labour involved and in fact, easier to repair than to make a new house. Dhajji buildings tend to perform better after earthquakes than the original taq buildings, however it cannot be a choice for everyone in the region due to economic means. Despite the locally sourced timber, the judicious use of it in taq and Dhajji buildings means that over the years it has become more in demand, especially post-earthquake times. Towards the 21st century, several people would construct in reinforced concrete however the disadvantages included the poor thermal performance of hollow concrete block construction, this was especially seen in the cold winter seasons. Rich merchants and politicians tend to have very large houses constructed in the Dhajji format and it works as a multi-family housing unit, especially in a region known to have extended families living together. A lot of Dhajji houses are also used for shelter for livestock. Agriculture and farming are an integral part of Kashmiri society, therefore sheltering animals during an earthquake is essential. It is also difficult for communities to move elsewhere in the region since land ownership is the main form of inheritance and records go back to 500 years8. This is another reason why buildings are built upwards on one land plot as well the high density of development in these areas. There is a sense of craftsmanship in making these buildings as simple and reproducible for the community as possible. Cator and Cribbage There are several historic mosques in Srinagar that have employed a cator and cribbage style which is another variation of timber-laced masonry. These structures have also proven to be stable in earthquake-prone regions. The timber-laced masonry is much heavier with a greater use of timber and have been around for approximately 1,000 years. The corners of the building are made of a cribbage of timber with masonry, which connects to the timber belts (cators) running across the walls. These concepts of design come from the Islamic cultural influence from the Middle East, notably in Turkey where it dates back 9,000 years. The walls would usually have religious carvings and symbolism8. Fig.5: Cater and Cribbage technique A comparison of Modern Vernacular Architecture with Traditional Vernacular Architecture After the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake with a high magnitude of 7.6 killed approximately 80,000 people and over 3 million Kashmiris left homeless. Despite the government introducing more steel and reinforced construction over the last 20 years, it made little difference to the impact that the earthquake had, infact Dhajji and bhatar construction turned out to be more stable. This result from reinforced concrete has been witnessed in other earthquakes e.g. Ahmedabad in 2001 and Iran in 20038. Survival rates of those trapped under these constructions was higher than those trapped under concrete based buildings. There has been a modernization of cities such as Srinagar involving the replacement of masonry and timber based constructions with reinforced concrete, affecting the aesthetic appeal of the traditional buildings. Local traditional design usually involves large windows for the summer seasons, however with concrete houses, central heating during the harsh winters is poor and a large ma jority of Kashmiris fall into the lower economical class where they cant afford the fuel to heat up their homes. Due to their flexibility over the years, Taq and Dhajji buildings have showcased that they can survive low to medium Richter Scale earthquakes. Using natural occurring resources such as mud mortar and locally available supplies such as bricks and wood have allowed Kashmiri traditional houses to have a lower level of thermal conductivity than concrete, and thus greater insulation. This is a crucial need for those living in Kashmir because although the summers are short, they can be very warm therefore a house without windows is futile. The materials used for these structures is also useful in the sense that they were recyclable, and it was easier to re-build or reuse the materials for another purpose after an earthquake. This is much more difficult for a concrete building. There are more problems left for the residents after a concrete house has collapsed, such as the removal of debris and rescuing survivors. However there has been strain on the timber supplies due to the deforestatio n rate increasing as the number of earthquakes and population increase. This has led to a larger number of cement plants in Kashmir. Although, high-strength cement-based mortar is now a generic material recommended by most engineers for building on earthquake areas, but Kashmir which experiences considerably larger earthquakes, the mortar ceases to make a beneficial difference once the walls of the building begin cracking. With timber-based masonry, the low strength mortar is used to hold the bricks apart, rather than together allowing the dissipation of the earthquakes energy to other units of the structure. Therefore, internal damping is an area that differs between both kinds of buildings. In addition to these construction problems, many people in the region are more likely to have poor construction practice (due to the more complicated procedures and skills) such as poor mixing or inadequate hydration of concrete which increases the likelihood of a collapse. Tourism has also become an economically beneficial industry in the Kashmir regions providing new employment for its communities, therefore the need to keep its natural attractions is crucial. Prices of timber have increased over the years too and the cost to maintain wood structures has deterred many residents. Overall, the need for modernization and emulating westernization standards of housing has shifted what the communities want, rather than need. Taq and Dhajji dewari have become a symbol of the old times and the prevalence of architecture as a profession has helped create this shift. International architects and engineers have introduced new ideas and concepts to an area that has little similarity to other places in the world, due to its unique geography and climate. The consequences of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake have caused a detachment from traditional architecture, despite the uniqueness and the performance of it under previous natural disasters. Using Vernacular approaches in Modern Times: Yasmeen Lari One architect that has adopted a vernacular approach in the Kashmir regions is Yasmeen Lari. Lari is Pakistans first female architect. She has been known to be an advocate for the preservation of historical and cultural Pakistani sites. Like others in Kashmir, she has a keen interest in maintaining cultural heritage yet also having a modern perspective. She has built 45,000 structures since 2010 withstanding earthquakes and even flash floods. Lari has also created the Heritage Foundation of Pakistan employing architecture students to teach and train the local community to build more sustainable homes. The foundation aims to increase the involvement of women in rebuilding their homes after natural disasters. Previously, male family members would be part of the community activity of rebuilding and restoration due to cultural reasons. Her technique involves using mud, bamboo, lime and mix lime with mud to create a strong foundation for buildings. The pillars of the houses consist of bam boo roofs, the walls are made from a mixture of mud, lime and other locally sourced material. The rood is known as the Karavan roof, whereby the bamboo can last for 25 years when covered with straw matting, and to make it waterproof a layer of tarpaulin and pozzolana is added. The sizes of the houses range from a single room to a larger room suitable for 5 people, kitchen, bathroom and verandah. After 3 years, it was found that these houses were still standing and in good condition. The reluctance to use cement, steel and burnt bricks for her was since these high-cost materials dont work as efficiently under a disaster situation. It also provides help to communities that arent as economically stable as others in Kashmir (e.g. Mirpur in Pakistan has a large British Pakistani population allowing greater expenditure on buildings) and are not in favour of modernisation. The idea behind Laris concept is the same that has been used in Kashmir for years before modernisation occurred, it ba sically ensures that buildings are simple enough to be rebuilt by inhabitants when in need. The importance of local involvement has been witnessed in the building of Taq and Dhajji Dewari buildings. Laris main objective is to enhance the focus on heritage methodology and learn from the past and advocate zero-cost and zero-carbon solutions9. Conclusion In current times, the Dhajji dewari system is still being used in and adapted in places such as Srinagar, although the principles are the same, new additions such as mud mixed with straw for brick infill are being explored. However, the shift to reinforced concrete buildings is noticeable and has left some taq and Dhajji buildings out of fashion. The combination of vernacular techniques and methods with modern materials and technology are slowly being advocated by groups such as UNESCO. Taq and Dhajji dewari systems have become a symbol of continuity and tradition. The idea of improving the quality of life by modernization has overshadowed the need for traditional timber-based masonry buildings in an extremely earthquake zone. The evolution of earthquake resistance buildings in Kashmir has been rushed to the most generic and common answer (reinforced cement construction), but the disadvantages of this have been witnessed by communities, especially poorer communities. Older designs te nd to complement the climate and the resources available to a higher degree but reverting completely back to them is not ideal. There is general rediscovery of the advantages of old fashioned methods by the government too and a conscious shift to a pre-modern Kashmir but with also new building science. References Vernacular Architecture By Henry Glassie pg 12 Living in Harmony with the Four Elements 12-14 December 2010 Earthquake Resistant Traditional Construction is Not an Oxymoron* The Resilience of Timber and Masonry Structures in the Himalayan Region and Beyond, and its Relevance to Heritage Preservation in Bhutan By Randolph Langenbach Auerbachs Wilderness Medicine By Paul S. Auerbach, Tracy A Cushing, N. Stuart Harris pg 1926 History of Natural Disasters in Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir with Special Reference to Earthquakes Sidrat Ul Muntaha Anees M. Sultan Bhat Dont Tear it Down!Text and Photographs by Randolph Langenbach Preserving the Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture of KashmirBOOK EXCERPT:Showing Forword, (2) pages 59-61: Section 3.6.2 corner vertical rebar in taq [timber-laced masonry bearing wall] constructionand definition of taq and dhajji dewari construction. FROM:Orig inal publication Info:Produced by UNESCO Cultures and Disasters: Understanding Cultural Framings in Disaster Risk edited by Fred Krà ¼ger, Greg Bankoff, Terry Cannon, Benedikt Orlowski, E. Lisa F. Schipper pg 65 Traditional Earthquake Resistant System Kashmir Mohd Akeeb Dar Sajad Ahmad Hazards and the Built Environment: Attaining Built-in Resilience International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (86-92), Month: October 2014 March 2015, Available at: www.researchpublish.com Building of a disaster By Shahnawaz Khan Srinagar, July 3, 2014:  http://www.tabletwoproductions.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Yasmeen-Lari.pdf

Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ess

The Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Ken Kesey utilizes Jesus Christ as a constant symbol throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The protagonist of the story acts as a model and leader for other characters in the book, just as Christ was for his disciples. It is appropriate that such a leader would be closely associated with a powerful, and worshiped figure. Kesey's use of Christ associates the ideas or theories in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest with the bible. McMurphy, however, may seem an unlikely Christ-figure due to his violent, sexual and seemingly immoral behavior. His behavior is merely an embodiment of the reforming movements that both Jesus and McMurphy share. Kesey's character, McMurphy, is portrayed as Christ-like throughout the novel to communicate the idea that McMurphy represents the same reforming leadership as Jesus did in the bible. Kesey makes a series of simple associations between the events in Jesus' life and McMurphy's to initiate the assertion that the two men's purposes are one in the same. To begin Kesey's story, McMurphy enters the novel by showering upon his admittance into the ward. This showering, demanded by the ward aides, "where they take him into the shower room" (15), is analogous to Jesus' baptism by John the Baptist, and introduces the biblical theme in the novel. McMurphy's purpose in the novel is consistent and similar to that of Jesus. He attempts to unmask truths to the patients on the ward while displaying his true self through his overt behavior, regardless of the repercussions. Similarly, Jesus attempted to spread the word of God while displaying his beliefs freely despite whatever came as a result of not conforming... ...to associate such power with McMurphy. Establishing similarity between the two figures serves to demonstrate the effect McMurphy had on his disciples that mere physical description would not depict. McMurphy battled against conformity and oppression throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and instilled faith in the patients' sanity, which they were blinded from. Likewise, Christ battled against temptation and sin in the bible to instill faith in God and relieve humanity of original sin. "In His death He is a sacrifice, satisfying for our sins," (Martin Luther). Works Cited: The Holy Bible, New English Translation. Biblical Studies Press. Feb. 2002. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.   New York:   Penguin Group,   1996. Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. 1999. 9 Mar. 2001 http://pweb.netcom.com/~supeters/luther.htm

Russian Diplomacy Essay -- essays research papers

Diplomacy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many reasons for WW1. There was the assassination of a European archduke and many building rivalries between most of the european countries. Italy, Russia, France, Austria-Hungry, Germany and England all sought the goal of acquiring new market and establishing global empires. Russia had already had influence over Manchuria and hoped to take control of Dardanelles and Bosporus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year of 1908, Russia had been called upon to bail out Serbia after Austria-Hungry had annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina. Russia just turned their back and denied the help to Serbia and there were two reasons for this. First, Russia had just ended the Russo-Japanese War and had no room in their budget to help out Serbia. Second, They had already secretly made a deal with Austria Hungry to take Bosnia-Herzegovina in a trade for the Dardanelles. When the Russians found out that Austria-Hungry had double crossed them and went ahead with their move before they could take part in the deal they became furious with Austria-Hungry. Because of this, Russia left the Three Emperor's League. This league consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Russia. After this occurred, Germany and Austria-Hungry formed a triple alliance with Italy. In 1890, Russia formed an alliance with France because they were afraid of being attacked by the triple alliance. A few years later Russia and France would allie with Great Britain to form the Triple Entente.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The big day for the Russians came on July 30, 1914 when Czar Nicholas II ordered Mobilization of his troops against Austria-Hungry and Germany. Russia decided to make their move when Austria-Hungry attacked Serbia. England and France decided to support Russia in their war with Austria-Hungry. In the first few weeks, The Russians took Germany and Austria-Hungry by surprise and invaded East Prussia from both the south and the east. Then the Russians were beaten senseless by the Germans at Tannenberg (Poland). In this battle alone, the Russian casualties reached 120,000. The assassination of Czar Nicholas II and his family cleared the way for Lenin to be in Control and take Russia out of the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Game Diplomacy, Russia had the strategy of the normal beginner. Don't Lose! For about the first few moves we remai... ...nd more of the south if the game had gone a little further. Our alliances helped along the way but they helped the most when we squashed our allies and enemies with betrayal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the real WWI, Russia did not have the same outcome as we did. They were caught up in the Russian revolution which pulled them from WWI. Russia Allied with France and England. This helped them attack on multiple sides of the Central Powers. By the end of WWI Russia was poor and weak.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the way that we played the game as Russia and the way that the real Russia fought in WWI may not have been the same. But we both fought Germany and we both maintained the west for at least a little while. It is probably a good thing that Russia lost WWI because with them winning the communist party would probably be much bigger today. Anyway, I enjoyed playing this game. At first I had no idea how to play which helped me play dumb with Kevin. After I learned a little bit i was able to stab him in the back and take most of his land. If we ever played this game again I would change a few things but my result would definitely be the same. We will Win!

Deforestation: Its Devastating Effects on South American Rainforests Es

Introduction Tropical rainforests are the Earth?s oldest, richest, most productive, and most complex living ecosystems. They are located throughout many of the world?s continents including South America, Africa, and Asia and are defined by a few specific factors. Their location must be within the regions of the tropics and they must receive between 4-8 meters of rain per year (compared to about 1-2 meters in the United States). These forests also have no ?seasonality?, which means that they lack a definite dry or cold season of slowed growth. Rainforests are the most valuable environmental entity on this earth as they provide the world with the majority of its species of animals and plants, food resources, and medicines. Because of their extreme importance, rainforests are also being used for economic and social welfare. The rate of habitat destruction has increased to 2.47 acres per second, 214,000 acres each day, and about 78 million acres each year. Rainforests house more than half of the living organisms on Earth, but 50,000 of these species are becoming extinct in these unique regions per year. That translates into 6 species per hour and 137 species each day. These worldwide numerical rates show the urgency that is required to save these precious forests. Information involving the destruction occurring in South America currently and in the past will offer a more intimate view concerning the effects of rainforest deforestation. Characteristics of South American Rainforests Overview South America, with its rich and far reaching tropical forests, is a key example of the harsh realities of tropical rainforest depletion. Countries such as Brazil, Bolivi... ... shelter, materials, oxygen, medicine, and wealth. The economic profit and modernization available from these vast stretches of resource-filled land, entices both companies and consumers to take advantage of the environment. This ignorance and selfishness has led to the nearly complete devastation of these great resource treasures. Without these regions, much of the species on Earth would suffer to the point of extinction. It is obvious that unless consumption is slowed significantly and these areas of diversity are allowed to maintain and regain their dominance over the South American landscape, not much time will pass before their complete disappearance is a reality. With a combined effort from many developed countries around the world and the governments of the native rainforest nations, salvation can be achieved for these priceless South American rainforests.

Negotiation Strategy Analysis: Vendor Negotiations

Most businesses incorporate strong negotiation skills, especially within the purchasing department. A company must be able to negotiate with vendors to ensure they receive the best price available on items both used and consumed by the business; this also includes hardware and software considerations. Regardless of the industry, building vendor relationships are necessary. The writer will look at vendor negotiations from two different perspectives with one common goal; negotiate the best contract for all parties. The writer will then compare and contrast the different negotiation strategies as they apply to the oil and gas industry. Vendor Negotiation Process The first article is about Mark Carbrey; Chief Information Officer (CIO) for a Massachusetts-based automotive service organization. His negotiation strategies allow up and coming team members to gain valuable experience with the negotiation process (Overby, 2010). He teaches his team to treat the vendors like a partner. He also teaches them to sort out what is important for the business, and to fact check with contacts that have similar contracts to ensure a fair market price from the vendor. Carbrey also stresses the importance of acquiring the support from the board of directors down (Overby, 2010). The second article takes a slightly different approach to vendor negotiations than the first article. Joe Auer, Founder, and president of International Computer Negotiations (ICN), has over 35 years experience helping technology users do better and safer deals with vendors (ICN, 2011). Auer believes that attitude toward contract negotiation is one of the most important issues the negotiator faces. Auer's article is a bulleted list of the â€Å"best practices† a negotiator should adhere to during the negotiation process. He uses the analogy of a pilot with 20 years experience still uses a checklist before take-off. So too should a negotiator. He reminds the negotiator that a supplier often places untimely stress on himself by telling his boss, â€Å"the deal is done† before he has confirmation from the negotiator. Negotiators must use this to their advantage. He also shows that wording is subjective such as using the word preferred instead of needed. Auer states the negotiation process begins the first time information transfers to a potential vendor. He also states the negotiator gains or loses power with every succeeding transaction (Auer, 2011). Application to Work Environment The oil and gas industry is very competitive. Entry into the market is easy but sustainability is difficult. The organization plagued by many of the same issues in information technology that most industries face. Using negotiating strategies is crucial to ensuring the best contract is both functional and valuable. The first article gave sound advice for setting the groundwork of negotiation strategy but did not explain the common pitfalls inexperienced negotiators face. The second article gave a clear checklist that a negotiator can refer to at any point during the negotiation process. Conclusion Negotiation skills are a necessary part of today's highly competitive marketplace. Building vendor relationships through the negotiation process is a delicate process. Although there is no one way to negotiate the best contract, one can incorporate the expertise of those with experience to develop the skills necessary to negotiate a fair market price with terms that meet the expectations of both parties. The two articles featured in this paper show very different perspectives with one common goal; to educate the reader with tools used in past negotiations. Reference http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/30/urnidgns002570f3005978d8852576ba00729ce-idUS345057569120100130?pageNumber=2

Problems In The Philippines And Its Causes Essay

III. Conclusion A. Restated thesis statement. B. Summary of poverty and its causes.Poverty is caused by the following factors: corruption, overpopulation, lack of education, and unemployment. Introduction Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life and well-being that’s considered acceptable in society. –Investopedia. (2014). â€Å"Terms beginning with P† p.4 Poverty is one of the major problems in the Philippines which should be solved. Because of poverty, people suffer from hunger and people live on the streets. â€Å"There is Bec, a 56-year-old visually impaired worker at the Department of Education central office, who was tutored at a young age by SPED-trained teachers Gerardo Consolacion and Ricardo Monegro. The focused mentoring helped her cultivate a love for learning as she eventually earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from the Central Philippine University in Iloilo City. For over 30 years now, she has devoted her life preparing Braille materials for visually-impaired students in public schools. There is also 54-year-old farmer Bert of Sierra Bullones, Bohol whose lack of education was no hindrance to his dream of a better life for his family. His desire to familiarize himself with various farming techniques led him to participate in the training programs provided by the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and other agencies. The various training Bert attended cultivated his preference for fertilizer from animal manure over the costlier chemical-based alternatives. He has, since then, used and advocated for organic farming in Bohol. These are people who, despite the hardship brought by destitution and disability, refused to use illegal means to survive and instead made themselves available for service to the country in their own little way. They are people who played by the government’s rules – the rule of law – and benefited in return. There is a term for it, and it is called â€Å"trust.† It is the acknowledgment that social mobility is possible through the coordinated efforts of government and civil society. The book, by virtue of inherent limitations in form and volume, fails to document the thousand other Filipinos fighting  their way through bureaucratic hurdles and â€Å"falling through the cracks.† Then again, that is not what the book is for. It makes no mention, for instance, of those on the opposite side of the spectrum: people who have abandoned all hope. This is precisely because the stories featured are meant to build trust and a resolve to overcome poverty.† –Bernal. B. (2013). 18 stories of Filipinos overcoming poverty. This is a story about Filipino citizens who are trying to overcome poverty through their hardships. Most Filipinos are trying to find a way out of poverty. Filipinos are known as hard workers and dedicated citizens. But it is not enough. The government should also help to overcome poverty in the country. The government should be a model to its people. But it is not happening. The government is one of the reasons why there is poverty in the Philippines. Corruption is a cause of poverty in the Philippines. The government raises the tax and all the other expenses of the people but do not use the money for the benefit of the people. They use the money for the benefit of their own. They keep it for themselves and tell the people that they worked for the money they have. Corruption leads to poverty in a way that the people’s money is being kept and used by the people who are just using their position in the government to be rich. All they care about is their selves. They do not care about the people suffering because of what they are doing. Read more:  Problems in the Phillipines â€Å"Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo of the Philippines was arrested Thursday afternoon on corruption charges related to allegations of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds during her administration.† –Floyd W. (2012). Philippines Ex-President Is Arrested in Hospital on New Charges. This news tells that even the highest official can do corruption. This is one of the reasons why there is poverty in the Philippines. The officials are not honest to the people of their country. They keep the money of the people for their own and let the people suffer. They use their power to flee themselves from the consequences that should be given to them. They are  stealing from their people. They should be punished and suffer from the same thing that the people are experiencing because of what they have done. All they think about is their selves. They do not care whether they are making other people suffer. What matters to them is they should be able to do what they want to do. Another cause of poverty in the Philippines is overpopulation. People do not plan on what they want to do with their future families. They do not plan on how many kids the want to have and can support all through their lives. What happens is they make babies, more babies, and then afterwards they won’t have any money left to buy food for their family. So every member of the family suffers. â€Å"Most developing nations have large number of people who are illiterate, live below the poverty line and have little or no knowledge about family planning. Getting their children married at an early age increase the chances of producing more kids. Those people are unable to understand the harmful effects of overpopulation and lack of ignorance prompts them to avoid family planning measures† –Overpopulation. (2014). Nowadays, many teenagers are getting pregnant. Teenagers are getting curious about having sex at an early age that can cause overpopulation. Without planning on what their lives would be and how it will affect the community. â€Å"There are a lot of reasons as to why the Philippines is overpopulated. One reason, or I was able to think of, is Pre-Marital Sex. We learn from the Bible that sex before marriage is a sin and yet a lot of people do it. Some happens accidentally but some do it on purpose. Another cause of overpopulation is unprotected sex. Maybe one of the reasons as to why people do it is mainly just because of pleasure. Come to think of it, I ask myself ‘why do they do it when they know that it could actually lead to something bad?’ This is a cause of overpopulation because the child born was just mainly an accident. These couples did not want to have a child in the first place and that one child is a big contribution to the country’s population. Another main cause that hit me the most is those families on the  poverty level still manage to get a child when they already have fiver or even more to take care of. They keep on making children when they know themselves that they are only limited to a number.† – Whang. C. (2012). Overpopulation in the Philippines. Pre-Marital Sex is caused by lack of education when it comes to sexual education. Lack of education is another cause of poverty. Most children have no opportunity to study. They can’t go to school because they have no money and no one is helping them, especially the government. If they do not study, they won’t be able to get a job in the future. And then they will suffer again from the same problem, poverty. If the children will not learn anything especially the lessons about pre-marital sex, there is a big chance that they will try it at an early age out of curiosity. â€Å"The biggest cause of overpopulation in the Philippines is the lack of education. People there don’t have the knowledge on how to use contraceptives. The big and powerful Roman Catholic Church (which basically controls the country) disapproves of any form of sexual education and birth contraceptives. This explains the lack of sexual education and the government constant refusal to provide free birth control for its citizens.† –Anonymous. (N.D) The church disapproves to sexual education which is why the children have a lack of knowledge when it comes to sexual intercourse. Sex education somehow must be taught to children when they are already at the right age for them to know the effects of pre-marital sex. â€Å"Unemployment creates a lack of financial stability, leading to a downwards spiral in social mobility and eventually poverty. The unemployed will have a lower standard of living than most employed people. Lack of a regular income leads to the inability to be able to maintain the basic needs, including fundamental provisions such as eating healthy foods, buying into health care and providing adequate heating for the home. While there are many types of poverty, the reasons behind poverty are always a lack of money. It is possible to live in poverty even with employment. A low paid worker may  suffer much the same hardships.† –Anonymous. (N.D) When a person is unemployed, he will have no income to earn for himself. Being employed is a very important way to prevent poverty. When you are employed, you are going to earn money. You will be able to supply all your needs in everyday life. Unlike the unemployed persons, they cannot supply themselves with all their needs. Unemployment leads to poverty because when a person has no job, he will have no money to buy food and no shelter to live in, he will have to depend on the help coming from other people. References Bernal. B. (2013). 18 stories of Filipinos overcoming poverty. Retrieved from http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/22936-18-stories-of-filipinos-overcoming-poverty Floyd W. (2012). Philippines Ex-President Is Arrested in Hospital on New Charges. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/world/asia/philippines-ex-president-arrested-in-hospital-on-new-charges.html?_r=0 Investopedia. (2014). Terms beginning with â€Å"P†. p.4. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/?page=4 Overpopulation. (2014).Retrieved from http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-overpopulation.php Whang. C. (2012). Overpopulation in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://catherinewhang12.blogspot.com/2012/09/overpopulation-in-philippines.html Anonymous. (N.D). What are the causes of over population in the Philippines? Retrieved from http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_causes_of_over_population_in_the_Philippines Anonymous. (N.D) How does unemployment lead to poverty? R etrieved form http://www.ask.com/world-view/unemployment-lead-to-poverty-446388fca79c3879

For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya

For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya. I am going to be covering background information, which includes; the physical features and tourist attractions, climate features, people of Kenya and cultural features, vegetation and wildlife. I am also going to be looking at the factors that have led to the growth of tourism in Kenya and the benefits and problems tourism has caused. Background information Kenya is a less economically developed country (LEDC) in east Africa. Kenya covers an area of 582,646 square kilometres – the United Kingdom is 244,100 square kilometres in area. Kenya has a population of around 30 million, compared with the UK's 60 million. Kenya is situated astride the equator and has a hot, tropical climate. The country is bordered by Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia and to Kenya's east is the Indian Ocean. Figure 1 shows the map of Africa and an arrow showing where Kenya is located. Physical features and tourist attractions In Kenya there are two basic areas, plains (low grassy areas) and Highlands (high, mountain areas). The plains are very active areas. The Natives go about their daily business of farming and doing chores all day. While animals like elephants and giraffes roam around freely. Some houses are built high up on poles so that the animals can't get at them. The flat coastal plain along the Indian Ocean varies in width from 15-70km, and the land then gradually rises up to the highlands. The Highlands are much more deserted. Kenya's highest mountain is named Mount Kenya. It towers over everything else in the country. The only areas left to name are the rural towns (the cities). There is really not much you can say about them, as they are most like what we live in. Buildings, roads, people wearing normal clothing, etc. That is the one odd thing about Kenya. It has both areas of traditional living (the way they've been doing it for hundreds of years) and rural living (modern things like the ones I just mentioned) One more thing about Kenya's physical features, they only have summertime. You may not think that affects the way the country looks, but think about it. Weather affects the animals, people, and buildings, pretty much everything. Kenya's tourist attractions range from safaris through game parks to beautiful beaches on the coast. Until 1969, tourism development had focused on Nairobi's hotels and on its game parks. Subsequently, coastal tourism received increasing attention, and tie-ins between game park and beach stays became more common, attracting visitors from East Africa and from overseas. Kenya's coasts offer intriguing cultural and historical surroundings including picturesque old Arab towns and the ruins of sixteenth-century Portuguese settlements. There are ideal conditions for SCUBA diving and game fishing together with 150 miles of unspoiled beaches protected from sharks by the great coral barrier reef. New cottage-style hotels draw on local architectural styles and decor and offer an international standard of luxury. Most visitors to Kenya, however, continue to come primarily to see its varied wildlife, in particular, the world's largest concentrations of elephant, giraffe, antelope, and zebra. Though hunting safaris have declined since their colonial heyday, restricted game hunting continues to draw enthusiasts. Kenya has an outstanding record among African countries in the protection and development of game parks and lodges. Climate features Kenya is divided by the equator into two almost equal parts. The region north of the equator is hot and receives comparatively little rain. The southern region falls into three zones. Kenya has a great climatic diversity that goes in parallel with the different geographic regions described elsewhere. As an Equatorial country, there is little variation in temperatures throughout the year. However, among regions there are great differences in average temperatures and rainfall. This climatologic diversity is mainly due to the winds and the altitude differences. The rainfall pattern is important because of its influence on wildlife and the road conditions. Upon the rains, many roads become flooded or muddy and are impassable. The rainy season is divided in two periods: the long rains fall between March and June, whereas the short rains take place between October and November. In general, temperatures are higher during the months corresponding to the boreal winter, i.e., January, February and March. Below is a graph showing the temperature and rainfall in Nairobi, Kenya. People of Kenya and cultural features Kenya has a very diverse population that includes most major language groups of Africa. Traditional pastoralists, rural farmers, Muslims, and urban residents of Nairobi and other cities contribute to the cosmopolitan culture. The standard of living in major cities, once relatively high compared to much of Sub-Saharan Africa, has been declining in recent years. Most city workers retain links with their rural, extended families and leave the city periodically to help work on the family farm. About 75% of the work force is engaged in agriculture, mainly as subsistence farmers. The urban sector employs 0.9 million people. The national motto of Kenya is harambee, meaning â€Å"pull together.† In that spirit, volunteers in hundreds of communities build schools, clinics, and other facilities each year and collect funds to send students abroad. The five state universities enroll about 38,000 students, representing some 25% of the Kenyan students who qualify for admission. Kenya is grouped into more than 70 ethnic groups, Some of the ethnic tribes are large e.g. the Agikuyu who form a majority of the population within their homeland in the central province and can also be seen to be in large numbers in the other districts in Kenya. The other large ethnic groups include the Luo, Luhya, Kamba and Kalenjin. There are also some groups of people who form a very small population. This includes the tribe of El Molo. Kenya's ethnic groups are divided into three linguistic groups namely; Bantu, Bukusu, Nilotes, Cushites and there are others. Many of Kenya's foremost cultural institutions are in either Nairobi or Mombassa. In Nairobi are the National Museums of Kenya, which include exhibits on natural history and geology; the Kenya National Archives; and the McMillan Memorial Library, with a special collection of Africana. In Mombassa is the Fort Jesus Museum, a history museum housed in a 16th-century Portuguese fort. The Kitale Museum features displays on scientific and historical topics. Vegetation and wildlife Vegetation in the north and northeast is sparse, primarily consisting of thorn bush. In the south area there are acacias and tree cacti of the Euphorbia genus. The giant Baobab (Adansonia digitata), of the Bombacacea family, outstands for its spectacularity, sometimes growing to 18m high and with the trunks reaching 9m in diameter. Its long and pulpy fruit is good for eating, and the bark is used for manufacturing ropes and cloth. Vegetation is more diverse and abundant only at the oasis in the north and northeast, in the river valleys and in areas such as Taà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ta Hills, with an alpine-like landscape. Given the extension of the arid regions, the biggest part of Kenya's land consists of deserts or semi-deserted steppes. Most visitors to Kenya want to experience the country's world famous wildlife. But there are many different ways to experience the Kenyan wilderness. Whether you want to drive by a pride of lions in a four wheel drive, walk through herds of plains game, watch a herd of elephants from the comfortable veranda of a safari lodge, track game on horseback or search for rare birds in a thick rainforest, the possibilities are endless. Kenya's wilderness areas are famous worldwide. The name Kenya has become synonymous with the great wilds of Africa. But they represent far more than you would ever expect, protecting and showcasing a broad range of habitats and species. They are complex ecologies that depend on the conservation of diverse natural resources and systems. The Parks, Sanctuaries and Conservation areas co-exist with and depend on the communities that surround them, and work together to protect the future. From the depths of a coral reef to alpine mountains, from one of the worlds most endangered owls to a herd of wildebeest more than a million strong, the wilderness of Kenya is a wonder to behold. Factors that have led to growth of tourism Tourists are people who travel for pleasure. The tourist industry looks after the needs of tourists and provides the things that help them get to places to help them relax and enjoy themselves. Tourism is a big industry. It is one of the worlds fastest growing industries and in the near future it is expected to employ more people worldwide than any other industry. The growth of tourism in Kenya is due to the tourists being attracted to areas of great scenic beauty or where there is abundant wildlife. Kenya is a land of contrasts, and nowhere is this more apparent than in its range of altitudes. The hills and mountains of Kenya are a world apart from the lowland valleys and plains. High altitude Kenya offers something for everyone. There are refreshing hill walks through bird rich areas or more active hikes into montane forests. Above all there is mighty Mt Kenya, whose slopes are the perfect trekking destination. Kenya is the home of the safari. The boundless wilderness and big game of this region has long attracted adventure seekers from all over the globe. No other African country can boast such an incredible range of landscapes, unique geographical features and species. Kenya offers the visitor a chance to experience a natural world unchanged by the passage of time. The Kenyan wilderness is home to an endless array of ecosystems, the staging ground for natural cycles of life, death and regeneration as old as the planet itself. This great range of natural habitats means that there is plenty to explore, and plenty of species to encounter. The Massai Mara Game Reserve is widely considered to be Africa's greatest wildlife reserve. The Mara comprises 200 sq miles of open plains, woodlands and riverine forest. Contiguous with the plains of the Serengeti, the Mara is home to a breathtaking array of life. The vast grassland plains are scattered with herds of Zebra, Giraffe, Gazelle, and Topi. The Acacia forests abound with Birdlife and Monkeys. Elephants and Buffalo wallow in the wide Musiara Swamp. The Mara and Talek rivers are brimming with Hippos and Crocodiles. Other indicators of the growth in tourism are the increase in the number of tour operators and vehicle hire enterprises. Tourism is also a major source of employment for farmers and grocers, to construction, transport and financial services and to the purveyors of curios and souvenirs. The industry is labour intensive and hence its expansion generates more job opportunities than an equivalent expansion in other sectors of the economy. Besides, allied improvements in tourism infrastructure also catalyses other economic activities. It is estimated that well over 219,000 people are currently deriving their livelihood from tourism. In some streets in Central Nairobi and Mombassa half the shops are tourist-oriented. Benefits and Problems of Tourism The development of the tourist industry can bring many benefits and problems. Tourism in many parts on Kenya is a ‘double edged shroud' meaning blight as well as blessing but in my opinion I think that there is more problems than benefits. The development in the tourist industry can improve the chances of having a good holiday for tourists. Countries like Spain, Italy and Greece were once very poor and now have much higher standards of living due to increased tourism. The poorer developing countries have also followed their lead. Kenya, for example has used money from tourism to improve their schools, hospitals, roads and factories. Some of the money has also been spent on developing the tourist industry. There would also be a demand for locally produced food and souvenirs, jobs in hotels and restaurants, new amenities that locals could use. Coffee and tea production brought in more foreign exchange and income from tourism first exceeded that from coffee. In the Massai Mara the ultimate way of travel is in a hot air balloon. Hot air balloons are another source of income but it disturbs animals and they have driven some out. The rapid increase in tourism is overcrowding parts of Kenya and the increasing population growth in the drier areas of Kenya has led to pressure exceeding the carrying capacity of the land in relation to park management, which in turn has led to lower income. The problem of increasing visitors has led to an increase in the number of vehicle entries in the park. This tourist entry is suspected to disturb wild animals and damage natural vegetation by off road driving. The noise by the vehicle may also be disturbing to some wildlife. Its negative impact might be higher in long term. Increased tourist facilities have caused the loss of habitat and naturalness of the area. Lodges and attractive places have been spoilt by garbage and sewage disposal problems. Garbage attracts carrion-eaters such as hyenas, baboons, velvet monkeys and marabou storks. These problems are of concern to the reserve's management because animals can be obvious threats to people, including tourists. Another impact of garbage is that some scavengers, such as hyenas, may change their natural feeding habits and became permanent garbage feeders. In the Coast, the local residents are Muslims. The Islamic females have to dress their whole body to avoid attracting men but as tourists go by they show parts of their body that is forbidden for Muslims. The darker side about tourism is that the local people then go into drugs n drinking and prostitution. Ladies look for boys for sex, so instead of boys going to the church, they have sex with ladies for money and this is affecting society. Tourists diving and standing on the coral kill the living organisms, as they are extremely delicate and tender. Anchors being dropped of boats constantly batter the coral and it is illegal to harm the coral. Tourists take shells and starfish that are a vital link to the ecosystem. 140 tones of shells and coral are removed out every year for selling.

Logoplaste

Universidade Catolica Portuguesa Faculdade de Ciencias Economicas Empresariais Corporate Strategy Unilever’s ice cream brand Portfolio Students: Maria Ines Galhardo, n? 150106011 Claudia Filipe, n? 150106026 Ricardo Lloret, n? 150106111 Joana Rodrigues dos Santos, n? 150106123 Diogo Sousa, n? 150106125 In order to draw the BCG matrix, we started by collecting some data. Based on the Datamonitor Market Report 2006 (appendix 1), we were able to calculate the total ice cream’s market value of 2008.We made the choice to do the work for the year 2008 because the present year has not already ended. Thus it was only possible to calculate estimated values for 2008. Market value: (212. 8-161)/4 = 12. 95 million per year 161 + (12. 95*2) = 186. 9 million in 2008 With the objective of studying Unilever’s principal products, we had to take into account Nestle (Unilever’s biggest competitor). We chose one equal competitor for each group of ice creams we thought were mo re important (appendix 2). Among all ice creams of Unilever, we focused on the ones that had a direct competitor in Nestle.This is why we did not choose Carte D’or or Solero, we thought that its competitors were not as obvious as the others. We assumed then that the market shares from Unilever and Nestle were the same as in 2006 (appendix 3). These values will enable us to estimate market values for each company and afterwards to calculate market shares and values for each product. We determined the division of the market in four segments: Super premium, Premium, Regular and Economy. The segments were chosen according to a price/quality ratio for each product we took into account (Appendix 4).The different market shares for each segment were estimated assuming that the super premium products would be a market niche with a small part of the market; the premium would be the most part and regular and economy would have similar market shares but smaller. Then, we estimated also p roportions for the different products we took into account. Both Unilever and Nestle have 2 different market shares since we assumed that they value different products in different segments. The percentages are Unilever Economy 20% Super premium 5% Regular 15% Premium 60%The premium segment was divided in three different products with different proportions for Unilever and Nestle. Considering that we only studied one product in some segments, we considered the whole segment share for these ones and for the regular we regarded as to have other ice creams besides Calippo that we did not include (we took them into account as â€Å"others†). 3 Unilever – Premium Viennetta 17% Cornetto 43% Magnum 40% Nestle – Premium Tarte Carolina 19% Nestle 43% Extreme 38% Trough the division of the market, we were able to attribute to each product the market share inside its own company.Splitting the different segments, we multiplied the total percentage of the segment to the shar e of each product inside this segment (Appendix 5). For the growth of each product, we assumed values based on the growth of each segment (Appendix 6). Finally, to calculate the relative market shares, we had to divide Unilever’s market share for each product by Nestle’s market share for the respective competitor (Appendix 7). 4 5 Unilever Brand Portfolio: ? Cornetto – It is a premium product that is present in most of the restaurants and cafes in Portugal.Cornetto is a cash cow and yours best seller and that is why we did not consider having a big growth rate. We assumed that this ice cream is already in the desired place in the market for Unilever. Therefore the investments are not very high and it has a big return. ? Magnum – This represents the second best product of your company, also premium and with high sales. However, it is a relatively young brand, only created in 1990, that needs a higher investment than Cornetto to establish itself in the mark et.Strong investments in new products like the temptations or limited editions like 7 sins and marketing & communication plans make this brand a star. ? Viennetta – This is a premium product only sold in restaurants and supermarkets therefore its market share isn’t very big. Although the brand is old and as a take home product it is very popular, not many people buy Viennetta because the take home ice cream market is smaller and most of the purchases are impulse. According to the case study on â€Å"Global ice cream:Nestle goes on attack†, the premium segment is growing up to 3% and since this brand is known by everybody there isn’t a great need to spend many resources on it. Occasional new flavors were added, however without great success. Still, it is a cash cow and therefore a good product because of its growth rate. ? Kids – This category integrates all the children directed products of your company, such as Perna de Pau, Super Maxi, Epa and Mi ni-Milk, which are cheap products specially directed to children with high levels of milk and calcium.It belongs to the economic segment, therefore, also according to the article mentioned above, the market growth is almost static. In this segment the competition is stronger, because Nestle makes associations with known brands such as Smarties and Kit Kat, appealing to kid’s attention. The strong 6 investment that the competitors make on this category justifies why Ola is not the leader in it, making it a Dog but still having recent investments and trying to have a bigger market share. Calippo – This product represents the water-based products on your company, it is quite old and there is little differentiation between it and its competitors because there isn’t much space to evolve and innovate, therefore people won’t see significant differences between the value of each brand. There is small investment in this brand and low revenues, and since it is inte grated in the regular ice cream segment its growth is small or even static, thus making it a dog also. Ben & Jerry’s – This is your offer regarding the Super-Premium market segment, with high quality, high price ice creams with different flavors and colorful presentations. This brand is not yet very well-known and has a low market share because it targets a small market and it is yet in a phase of brand recognition. The company has to spend a lot of money in marketing campaigns to make the brand recognized by everyone and also in the research to find new flavors.According to the case study this market segment is expected to grow up to 6% and all this makes this brand a question mark or a problematic child. One problem for this brand in Portugal is that it is mainly sold in Ben and Jerry’s own stores, which are not many and being a recent brand it is difficult to make people know the locations of the stores. Brand Portfolio Recommendations: According to the BCG m atrix your brand portfolio is well balanced, due to you having products in the different quadrants and in different stages of the lifecycle.Magnum, Cornetto and Viennetta are very profitable brands that support the less profitable brands of your company. However, it is not recommended to drop the other brands because your company needs to be 7 present in every segment in order to compete. This will increase brand awareness and reach more customers. Having this in mind, instead of decreasing any brands, you should increase some and adjust others. ? In addition we believe that your company should include low fat products directed to people that want to enjoy ice cream but don’t want the downsides of it.By providing these low caloric and low fat products your company will be covering an important segment that are the women, that according to the Key Note (page 53) are greater ice cream consumers than man, with increasingly focus on image not only in terms of self esteem but also on professional and personal related matters. Ben & Jerry’s should create a new range of products with some versions of their best sellers in a low caloric way trying to maintain their original flavor. The other brands should adopt the same strategy and create at least one product with less calories. You should increase Ben & Jerry’s market share and brand recognition to transform this problematic child in a star product. An idea can be to create a version of their ice cream for impulse consuming, perhaps adopting a similar format to the magnum ice cream (ice cream on stick) and include this brand in the Ola selling points, thus reaching more consumers. ? Your companies’ Kids segment is not very well positioned and it is not the market leader. To change this situation it would be a good idea to arrange partnerships with other companies, such as confectionery brands and cartoon enterprises.You could create a partnership with known confectionery brands like Kinde r because it will benefit from the other company’s brand recognition with little effort and reach this market segment with better arguments to compete with Nestle. 8 ? On the other hand the company should make a research every six month to determine which are the more popular cartoons at the moment and create a new product that offers prizes related to those cartoons. The basic product should be a high calcium ice cream that changes its packaging and prizes according to the research results.By doing this you will be captivating children’s attention that most of the time is only directed to the appearance and also their parents because you are offering an ice cream that is good for the kid’s health and growth. ? To access the Portuguese market it a good idea to create a new brand that sells ice cream with the flavors of some of the better recognized typical sweets in Portugal, such as â€Å"doce d’ovos†, â€Å"arroz doce† and â€Å"pastel de nata†. This brand would be sold as a premium product in restaurants and supermarkets. Another idea to increase your brand portfolio is to create specifically 18+ products with alcoholic beverage flavors such as vodka, whisky and baileys with special focus on a regional beverage that is Oporto wine that is typically Portuguese. This product should be premium or superpremium and it should be sold not only on the usual channels such as fancy restaurants and supermarkets but also in bars and summer discos. 9 Appendixes Appendix 1 2006 Market Value Growth Market share Source: Datamonitor Market Report 2006 2011 212,8 million 5,7% (2006-2011) 53,9% 161 million 4,3%Appendix 2 Unilever Ben and Jerry's Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Calippo Kids Outros Nestle Nestle Gelataria Nestle Extreme Tarte Carolina Pirulo Kids Outros Appendix 3 Unilever Market share Market value 0,56 Nestle 0,13 186900000 104664000 24297000 10 Appendix 4 Segments Super Premium Premium Products Ben and Jerry's Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Regular Economic Calippo Ola kids Appendix 5 Unilever Market Share Amount of Sales (â‚ ¬) 5,00% 5. 233. 200 24,00% 25. 119. 360 25,80% 27. 003. 312 10,20% 10. 675. 728 5,00% 5. 233. 200 20,00% 20. 932. 800 10,00% 10. 466. 400 100,00% 104. 664. 000Ben and Jerry's Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Calippo Kids Outros Total Nestle Market share Amount of Sales (â‚ ¬) 8,00% 1. 943. 760 23,65% 5. 746. 240,5 20,90% 5. 078. 073 10,45% 2. 539. 036,5 6,00% 1. 457. 820 23,00% 5. 588. 310 8,00% 1. 943. 760 100% 24. 297. 000 Nestle Gelataria Nestle Extreme Tarte Carolina Pirulo Kids Outros Total 11 Appendix 6 Super Premium Premium Regular Economy Market Growth 6% 3% 1,50% 1,50% Source: Datamonitor Market Report 2006 Appendix 7 Relative Market share Ben and Jerry’s Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Calippo Kids Mean 0,63 1,01 1,23 0,98 0,83 0,87 0. 93 Market Growth 5,30% 2,90% 1,67% 1,90% 0,93% 1. 63% 2. 37% 12